Mandukya Upanishad Explained – Meaning, Om (AUM), Four States of Consciousness & Ultimate Reality
Can a scripture containing only twelve mantras reveal the highest truth of existence? The Mandukya Upanishad answers this extraordinary question through one of the most profound teachings in all of Vedanta. Though it is the shortest among the ten principal Upanishads, it presents the complete philosophy of the Self (Atman), Brahman, and the sacred syllable Om (AUM).
Unlike many Upanishads that use long dialogues, stories, or symbolic narratives, the Mandukya Upanishad explains the entire path to Self-realization in only twelve concise mantras. Every mantra gradually unfolds the mystery of consciousness, beginning with the nature of Om and culminating in the realization of Turiya—the transcendental state beyond waking, dreaming, and deep sleep.
For centuries, great sages including Adi Shankaracharya and Gaudapadacharya regarded the Mandukya Upanishad as the very essence of Vedanta. Gaudapada's famous Mandukya Karika further expanded its teachings and established one of the earliest systematic explanations of Advaita Vedanta.
In this complete guide, you will learn the meaning of Mandukya Upanishad, the symbolism of Om, all twelve mantras with detailed explanations, the four states of consciousness, Turiya, Gaudapada's philosophy, spiritual teachings, practical lessons, and the timeless wisdom that continues to inspire seekers across the world.
- Meaning of Mandukya Upanishad
- Origin and Historical Background
- Which Veda It Belongs To
- Meaning of Om (AUM)
- The Four States of Consciousness
- Complete Explanation of All 12 Mantras
- Turiya – The Fourth State
- Gaudapada Karika
- Advaita Vedanta Teachings
- Benefits of Studying the Mandukya Upanishad
- Frequently Asked Questions
📑 Table of Contents
- 1. What is Mandukya Upanishad?
- 2. Meaning of Mandukya
- 3. Which Veda Does It Belong To?
- 4. Historical Background
- 5. Why Is It So Important?
- 6. Structure of the Upanishad
- 7. Meaning of Om (AUM)
- 8. Four States of Consciousness
- 9. Mantra 1
- 10. Mantra 2
- 11. Mantra 3
- 12. Mantra 4
- 13. Mantra 5
- 14. Mantra 6
- 15. Mantra 7
- 16. Mantra 8
- 17. Mantra 9
- 18. Mantra 10
- 19. Mantra 11
- 20. Mantra 12
- 21. Gaudapada Karika
- 22. Main Teachings
- 23. Benefits
- 24. FAQs
- 25. Conclusion
What is Mandukya Upanishad?
Mandukya Upanishad is one of the ten Mukhya (Principal) Upanishads and is universally regarded as one of the most profound scriptures of Sanatan Dharma. Although it contains only twelve mantras, it presents the complete essence of Vedanta by revealing the identity of Atman (the Self) and Brahman (the Absolute Reality).
This sacred Upanishad belongs to the Atharva Veda and teaches that the entire universe, all experiences, and every state of consciousness are symbolically contained within the sacred syllable Om (AUM). By understanding Om correctly, a seeker gradually realizes the true nature of the Self beyond body, mind, and intellect.
Unlike philosophical systems that rely on logical arguments alone, the Mandukya Upanishad invites seekers to observe their own direct experience. Every human being passes through the states of waking, dreaming, and deep sleep every day. The Upanishad explains that beyond these three familiar conditions exists an eternal, changeless awareness known as Turiya. This fourth state is not another experience but the very foundation of all experiences.
Because of this extraordinary teaching, the Mandukya Upanishad is often called the essence of all the Upanishads. Many Vedantic masters have stated that sincere contemplation of this single Upanishad is sufficient to guide a qualified seeker toward liberation (Moksha).
Meaning of "Mandukya"
The origin of the word Mandukya has been interpreted in several traditional ways. According to one explanation, the Upanishad derives its name from the ancient sage Manduka or the Mandukya branch of Vedic tradition. Another symbolic interpretation compares the spiritual aspirant to a frog (Manduka), which leaps from one state to another just as consciousness moves through waking, dream, deep sleep, and finally transcends them in Turiya.
Rather than emphasizing the literal meaning of its name, the scripture directs the reader toward its central purpose—understanding the true nature of consciousness and realizing the identity of the individual Self with the Supreme Reality.
Which Veda Does the Mandukya Upanishad Belong To?
The Mandukya Upanishad belongs to the Atharva Veda. Among all Upanishads associated with this Veda, it occupies a unique position because of its concise yet complete presentation of Advaita philosophy.
| Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Category | Principal (Mukhya) Upanishad |
| Associated Veda | Atharva Veda |
| Total Mantras | 12 |
| Main Subject | Om, Atman & Brahman |
| Philosophy | Advaita Vedanta |
Historical Background of the Mandukya Upanishad
The Mandukya Upanishad emerged during the later Vedic period, when the focus of spiritual inquiry gradually shifted from external rituals toward direct realization of the Self. While many earlier Vedic texts emphasized sacrificial ceremonies, the Upanishads explored the deeper philosophical questions concerning consciousness, existence, and liberation.
The teachings of this Upanishad gained extraordinary importance through the work of Gaudapadacharya, whose Mandukya Karika systematically explained its philosophy. Later, Adi Shankaracharya wrote a celebrated commentary that established the Mandukya Upanishad as one of the foundational scriptures of Advaita Vedanta.
Even today, scholars and spiritual teachers regard this brief scripture as one of the most intellectually rigorous and spiritually transformative texts in world philosophy.
Why Is the Mandukya Upanishad So Important?
Although the Mandukya Upanishad contains only twelve mantras, it is regarded by many Vedantic teachers as the most complete philosophical scripture among all the Upanishads. It presents the highest truth in an exceptionally concise form by explaining the relationship between Om (AUM), Atman, Brahman, and the four states of consciousness.
Unlike scriptures that rely on long dialogues or symbolic stories, the Mandukya Upanishad directly guides the seeker toward Self-realization through observation of one's own experience. Every human being naturally experiences waking, dreaming, and deep sleep. The Upanishad reveals that behind all these changing states exists an eternal witness known as Turiya, which alone is the true Self.
Because of this direct approach, the Mandukya Upanishad has remained one of the most studied scriptures in Advaita Vedanta for more than two thousand years.
- Contains only 12 mantras but summarizes the essence of Vedanta.
- Explains the complete symbolism of Om (AUM).
- Systematically analyzes consciousness.
- Introduces the concept of Turiya.
- Forms the basis of Gaudapada Karika.
- Highly praised by Adi Shankaracharya.
- Focuses entirely on Self-realization.
Structure of the Mandukya Upanishad
The Mandukya Upanishad is carefully arranged so that each mantra gradually unfolds the complete understanding of consciousness. Rather than presenting unrelated teachings, every mantra builds upon the previous one and leads the seeker toward the realization of the Absolute.
| Mantra | Main Subject |
|---|---|
| 1 | Om is Everything |
| 2 | Nature of Atman |
| 3–6 | Three States of Consciousness |
| 7 | Turiya |
| 8–12 | Meaning of A-U-M and Silence |
The entire Upanishad may be read within a few minutes, yet each mantra has inspired centuries of philosophical discussions and spiritual contemplation.
Meaning of Om (AUM) in the Mandukya Upanishad
The sacred syllable Om is the central teaching of the Mandukya Upanishad. The scripture declares that Om is not merely a sound recited during worship but the very symbol of the entire universe and the eternal Self.
Everything that existed in the past, exists in the present, or will exist in the future is represented by Om. Even that which transcends time and space is also indicated by Om. Thus, Om becomes the verbal symbol of Brahman itself.
The Upanishad explains that Om consists of three audible sounds—A, U, and M—followed by complete silence. These four aspects correspond exactly to the four states of consciousness experienced by every living being.
| Sound | State | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| A | Waking | External Experience |
| U | Dream | Inner Experience |
| M | Deep Sleep | Undifferentiated Awareness |
| Silence | Turiya | Supreme Reality |
By meditating upon Om with proper understanding, the seeker gradually recognizes that all experiences arise from the same eternal consciousness.
The Four States of Consciousness
The Mandukya Upanishad presents one of the earliest and most systematic analyses of human consciousness. It teaches that every individual experiences four distinct states, whether knowingly or unknowingly.
1. Jagrat (जाग्रत) – The Waking State
Jagrat is the waking state of consciousness where the mind experiences the external world through the five senses. In this state, the individual identifies the Self with the physical body and interacts with material objects. According to Vedanta, this is the outward-facing state of awareness.
2. Swapna (स्वप्न) – The Dream State
Swapna is the dream state where the mind creates its own inner world using memories, impressions, and subtle thoughts. The consciousness does not depend on external objects but experiences the universe created within the mind itself.
3. Sushupti (सुषुप्ति) – The Deep Sleep State
Sushupti is the state of deep sleep where all mental activities become silent. There is no experience of external objects or dreams, yet the Self continues to exist as pure, peaceful and undisturbed consciousness. This state reflects the temporary withdrawal of the mind.
4. Turiya (तुरीय) – The Fourth State of Consciousness
Turiya means “the Fourth” and represents the highest state of consciousness beyond waking, dreaming, and deep sleep. It is the eternal witness (Sakshi) that remains unchanged while all other experiences come and go. The realization of Turiya is considered the ultimate goal of Vedanta and the path to knowing Brahman.
The teachings of the Mandukya Upanishad reveal that these four states are not separate realities but different expressions of the same Supreme Consciousness. By understanding these states, a seeker moves closer to the realization of the eternal Self (Atman).
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 1
The first mantra serves as the foundation of the entire Upanishad. Before discussing consciousness or the Self, the scripture establishes the universal significance of the sacred syllable Om.
Sanskrit
ॐ इत्येतदक्षरमिदं सर्वम् ।
तस्योपव्याख्यानं भूतं भवद्भविष्यदिति सर्वमोङ्कार एव ।
यच्चान्यत् त्रिकालातीतं तदप्योङ्कार एव ॥
Transliteration
Om ity etad akṣaram idaṁ sarvam।
Tasyopavyākhyānaṁ bhūtaṁ bhavad bhaviṣyad iti sarvam oṅkāra eva।
Yac cānyat trikālātītaṁ tad apy oṅkāra eva॥
Word Meaning
- Om — Sacred syllable
- Akṣaram — Imperishable Reality
- Idam Sarvam — This entire universe
- Bhūtam — Past
- Bhavat — Present
- Bhaviṣyat — Future
- Trikālātītam — Beyond all three divisions of time
Meaning (English)
The sacred syllable Om is all this. Everything that existed in the past, exists in the present, and will exist in the future is truly Om. Even that which transcends the three divisions of time is also symbolized by Om.
বাংলা অর্থ
এই সমগ্র বিশ্বই ‘ওঁ’। অতীত, বর্তমান ও ভবিষ্যতের সমস্ত কিছু ওঁ-এর মধ্যেই অন্তর্ভুক্ত। এমনকি যা তিন কালের অতীত, সেটিও ওঁ দ্বারাই নির্দেশিত হয়।
Detailed Explanation
The Upanishad begins not by describing God as a distant deity but by identifying Om with the whole of existence. Every object, every thought, every experience, every universe, every law of nature, and every form of consciousness arises within the limitless reality symbolized by Om.
The mantra also teaches that Brahman is not confined by time. Past, present, and future are only mental divisions experienced by human beings. The Supreme Reality remains unchanged beyond all temporal limitations.
Thus Om becomes much more than a sacred sound—it becomes the direct symbol of infinite existence itself.
Vedantic Interpretation
Advaita Vedanta explains that Om represents Brahman because it includes everything that can ever be known while simultaneously pointing beyond everything that can be conceived by the mind. Meditating upon Om therefore becomes meditation upon the Absolute.
Spiritual Significance
- Om symbolizes the entire universe.
- Time exists within Brahman.
- Brahman is beyond time.
- The universe and Brahman are inseparable.
- Om becomes the gateway to Self-realization.
Practical Lesson
This mantra teaches us to see unity behind diversity. Although life appears divided into countless names and forms, all existence originates from one eternal Reality. Remembering this truth gradually removes fear, attachment, and separation from our lives.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 2
The second mantra introduces the central philosophy of the Mandukya Upanishad by revealing the identity of Atman (the Self) and Brahman (the Absolute Reality). It teaches that the Self experienced within every living being is not different from the infinite reality that pervades the entire universe.
Sanskrit
सर्वं ह्येतद् ब्रह्म ।
अयमात्मा ब्रह्म ।
सोऽयमात्मा चतुष्पात् ॥
Transliteration
Sarvaṁ hy etad brahma।
Ayam ātmā brahma।
So'yam ātmā catuṣpāt॥
Word Meaning
- Sarvam — Everything
- Hi — Indeed
- Etat — This
- Brahma — Supreme Reality
- Ayam — This
- Atma — Self
- Chatushpat — Having four quarters (four aspects)
Meaning (English)
Verily, all this is Brahman. This very Self is Brahman. This Self is understood through four quarters or four aspects of consciousness.
বাংলা অর্থ
এই সমগ্র বিশ্বই ব্রহ্ম। এই আত্মাই ব্রহ্ম। এই আত্মাকে চারটি অবস্থার মাধ্যমে জানা যায়—জাগ্রত, স্বপ্ন, সুষুপ্তি এবং তুরীয়।
Detailed Explanation
This mantra contains one of the greatest declarations of the Upanishads. Instead of presenting Brahman as something distant, the scripture proclaims that the innermost Self of every individual is none other than Brahman itself. The seeker does not have to become Brahman in the future; the seeker is already Brahman but remains unaware because of ignorance (Avidya).
The mantra then introduces the concept of the four quarters (Chatushpat) of the Self. These are not four separate selves but four ways in which consciousness appears to function. They are:
- Jagrat — The waking state.
- Swapna — The dream state.
- Sushupti — The state of deep sleep.
- Turiya — The transcendental state beyond all experience.
The next several mantras explain each of these four states in detail. By carefully examining them, the seeker realizes that while experiences continuously change, the witnessing consciousness remains eternally unchanged.
Vedantic Interpretation
Advaita Vedanta considers this mantra to be a direct statement of non-duality. There are not two separate realities called the individual soul and God. The apparent difference exists only because consciousness identifies itself with body, mind, and ego. When ignorance disappears, only Brahman remains.
Philosophical Insight
The expression "Ayam Atma Brahma" is one of the celebrated Mahavakyas (Great Sayings) of the Upanishads. It teaches that liberation is attained not by creating something new but by realizing one's eternal nature.
- Prajnanam Brahma — Consciousness is Brahman.
- Aham Brahmasmi — I am Brahman.
- Tat Tvam Asi — Thou Art That.
- Ayam Atma Brahma — This Self is Brahman.
Spiritual Significance
- The individual Self and Brahman are one.
- Self-realization removes ignorance.
- The four states explain human consciousness.
- The witness remains unchanged in every experience.
- Liberation is attained through knowledge, not through external transformation.
Practical Lesson
Most people define themselves by their body, profession, achievements, or relationships. This mantra reminds us that these identities constantly change, but our true Self never changes. By recognizing the eternal witness within, we gradually overcome fear, attachment, pride, and suffering.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 3
Having declared that the Self possesses four aspects, the Upanishad now begins describing the first quarter of consciousness—the waking state, known as Vaishvanara.
Sanskrit
जागरितस्थानो बहिष्प्रज्ञः
सप्ताङ्ग एकोनविंशतिमुखः
स्थूलभुग्वैश्वानरः प्रथमः पादः ॥
Transliteration
Jāgarita-sthāno bahiṣ-prajñaḥ।
Saptāṅga ekonaviṁśati-mukhaḥ।
Sthūlabhuk vaiśvānaraḥ prathamaḥ pādaḥ॥
Word Meaning
- Jagarita-sthana — Waking state
- Bahih-prajnah — Conscious of the external world
- Saptanga — Seven limbs
- Ekonavimshati-mukhah — Nineteen mouths
- Sthulabhuk — Experiencer of gross objects
- Vaishvanara — Universal waking consciousness
- Prathama Padah — First quarter of the Self
Meaning (English)
The first quarter of the Self is Vaishvanara, whose field is the waking state. It is outwardly conscious, possesses seven limbs and nineteen mouths, and experiences the gross external world.
বাংলা অর্থ
আত্মার প্রথম অবস্থা হল বৈশ্বানর। এটি জাগ্রত অবস্থায় বাহ্য জগতকে অনুভব করে। এর সাতটি অঙ্গ ও উনিশটি মুখ রয়েছে এবং এটি স্থূল জগতের অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ করে।
Detailed Explanation
The waking state is the condition in which consciousness identifies itself with the physical body and interacts with the external world through the senses. Everything we ordinarily call daily life belongs to this state.
The Upanishad symbolically describes Vaishvanara as having seven limbs and nineteen mouths. These expressions should not be understood literally. They represent the cosmic nature of consciousness and the various instruments through which experience takes place.
The Seven Limbs
- Heaven — Head
- Sun — Eyes
- Air — Breath
- Space — Body
- Water — Vital organs
- Earth — Feet
- Fire — Mouth
These symbolize that the entire universe itself is the cosmic body of Vaishvanara.
The Nineteen Mouths
The nineteen mouths are the channels through which experience is gained.
- Five organs of perception (Jnanendriyas)
- Five organs of action (Karmendriyas)
- Five vital energies (Pranas)
- Mind (Manas)
- Intellect (Buddhi)
- Ego (Ahamkara)
- Memory (Chitta)
Through these nineteen instruments, the individual experiences the physical universe.
Vedantic Interpretation
Although we believe that we are only the body functioning in the waking world, Vedanta explains that the waking personality is only one appearance of consciousness. The true Self remains untouched by every waking experience.
Spiritual Significance
- The waking world is only one aspect of consciousness.
- The body is not the true Self.
- The senses are instruments, not the experiencer.
- Consciousness alone illuminates every experience.
- The witness exists beyond waking life.
Practical Lesson
Most people spend their entire lives believing that the waking world is the only reality. This mantra encourages us to investigate who is actually experiencing the world. By shifting attention from objects to the witnessing awareness, true spiritual inquiry begins.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 4
After describing the waking state (Vaishvanara), the Mandukya Upanishad explains the second quarter of the Self—the dream state. This state demonstrates that consciousness does not depend solely upon the external world. Even when the physical senses are inactive, consciousness continues to create and experience an entire universe within the mind.
Sanskrit
स्वप्नस्थानोऽन्तःप्रज्ञः
सप्ताङ्ग एकोनविंशतिमुखः
प्रविविक्तभुक्तैजसो द्वितीयः पादः ॥
Transliteration
Svapna-sthāno'ntaḥ-prajñaḥ।
Saptāṅga ekonaviṁśati-mukhaḥ।
Praviviktabhuk taijaso dvitīyaḥ pādaḥ॥
Word Meaning
- Svapna-sthana — Dream state
- Antah-prajnah — Inwardly conscious
- Saptanga — Seven limbs
- Ekonavimshati-mukhah — Nineteen mouths
- Praviviktabhuk — Experiencer of subtle objects
- Taijasa — The luminous dream consciousness
- Dvitiyah Padah — The second quarter of the Self
Meaning (English)
The second quarter is Taijasa, whose field is the dream state. It is inwardly conscious, possesses seven limbs and nineteen mouths, and experiences the subtle objects created within the mind.
বাংলা অর্থ
আত্মার দ্বিতীয় অবস্থা হল তৈজস। এটি স্বপ্ন অবস্থায় অন্তর্মুখী চেতনার মাধ্যমে সূক্ষ্ম বিষয়ের অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ করে। এরও সাতটি অঙ্গ ও উনিশটি মুখ রয়েছে এবং এটি মনের সৃষ্ট সূক্ষ্ম জগতকে অনুভব করে।
Detailed Explanation
During the waking state, the mind depends upon the physical senses to gather information from the external world. In the dream state, however, the senses remain inactive, yet experiences continue without interruption. Mountains, rivers, conversations, emotions, fear, joy, and countless events appear vividly even though no external object is present.
The Upanishad calls this dream experiencer Taijasa, meaning "the luminous one." The dream world is illuminated entirely by the light of consciousness itself. Nothing is borrowed from the outside world while dreaming; the mind projects its own universe using impressions (Samskaras) accumulated from previous experiences.
Just as Vaishvanara experiences the gross world, Taijasa experiences a subtle world. Both are appearances within consciousness, and neither represents the ultimate reality.
Why Are the Seven Limbs and Nineteen Mouths Mentioned Again?
The Upanishad repeats these expressions because the same instruments of consciousness continue to function in a subtler manner. Although the physical organs rest, the subtle body remains active through memory, imagination, desires, and latent impressions.
- Stored memories (Smriti)
- Past impressions (Samskaras)
- Unfulfilled desires (Vasanas)
- Imagination
- Subtle mental activities
Taijasa and the Nature of Dreams
The Mandukya Upanishad does not dismiss dreams as meaningless illusions. Instead, it uses them as profound evidence that consciousness is independent of the physical world. Dreams prove that the experiencer does not require external objects to create a complete field of experience.
When a person dreams, the dream world appears completely real until awakening occurs. In the same manner, Vedanta asks whether the waking world may also be another level of appearance when compared with the highest realization of Turiya.
Vedantic Interpretation
Advaita Vedanta explains that both waking and dream experiences are temporary manifestations of the same consciousness. The difference lies only in the type of objects experienced—gross objects during waking and subtle objects during dreams. The witnessing Self remains unchanged in both conditions.
Therefore, the seeker should not identify with either the waking personality or the dream personality. Both arise and disappear, while the Atman continues to shine eternally.
Philosophical Insight
The dream state demonstrates that reality is not determined merely by sensory perception. What appears absolutely real in one state may later be recognized as temporary. This insight prepares the seeker to understand the deeper teaching of non-duality presented in the later mantras.
| Waking (Vaishvanara) | Dream (Taijasa) |
|---|---|
| Experiences gross objects. | Experiences subtle objects. |
| Uses physical senses. | Uses the internal mind. |
| External awareness. | Internal awareness. |
| World appears outside. | World appears within. |
| Temporary state. | Temporary state. |
Spiritual Significance
- Dreams reveal the creative power of consciousness.
- The mind can construct an entire universe without external objects.
- Both waking and dreaming are temporary experiences.
- The true Self is neither the waking personality nor the dream personality.
- The witnessing consciousness remains constant in every state.
Practical Lesson
This mantra encourages us to observe how easily the mind creates identities, emotions, fears, and attachments. Just as dream experiences disappear upon waking, many worries and attachments of daily life lose their importance when viewed from the higher awareness of the Self. Spiritual wisdom begins when we recognize that we are the witness of every experience rather than the experiences themselves.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 5
Having explained the waking state (Vaishvanara) and the dream state (Taijasa), the Mandukya Upanishad now describes the third quarter of the Self—the state of Sushupti (deep sleep). This mantra marks an important transition in the Upanishad because it examines a condition where neither external objects nor dream experiences remain. Yet consciousness itself is never destroyed.
Sanskrit
यत्र सुप्तो न कञ्चन कामं कामयते ।
न कञ्चन स्वप्नं पश्यति तत्सुषुप्तम् ।
सुषुप्तस्थान एकीभूतः प्रज्ञानघन एवानन्दमयो ह्यानन्दभुक् चेतोमुखः प्राज्ञस्तृतीयः पादः ॥
Transliteration
Yatra supto na kañcana kāmaṁ kāmayate,
Na kañcana svapnaṁ paśyati tat suṣuptam।
Suṣupta-sthāna ekībhūtaḥ prajñānaghana evānandamayo hyānandabhuk cetomukhaḥ prājñas tṛtīyaḥ pādaḥ॥
Word Meaning
- Yatra — Where
- Suptah — One who sleeps
- Na Kanchana Kamam — Desires nothing
- Na Kanchana Svapnam — Sees no dreams
- Sushuptam — Deep sleep
- Ekibhutah — Unified
- Prajnanaghanah — Mass of undifferentiated consciousness
- Anandamayah — Filled with bliss
- Anandabhuk — Enjoyer of bliss
- Cetomukhah — Gateway to consciousness
- Prajna — The deep-sleep experiencer
- Tritiyah Padah — Third quarter of the Self
Meaning (English)
That state in which a sleeping person desires no objects and experiences no dreams is called deep sleep. In this condition the Self becomes unified, appears as a mass of undifferentiated consciousness, is full of bliss, enjoys bliss, serves as the doorway to consciousness, and is known as Prajna, the third quarter of the Self.
বাংলা অর্থ
যে অবস্থায় মানুষ না কোনো কামনা করে, না কোনো স্বপ্ন দেখে, সেই অবস্থাকে সুষুপ্তি বা গভীর নিদ্রা বলা হয়। এই অবস্থায় চেতনা একীভূত থাকে, আনন্দময় বলে প্রতীয়মান হয় এবং প্রাজ্ঞ নামে পরিচিত আত্মার তৃতীয় অবস্থা হিসেবে বিবেচিত হয়।
Detailed Explanation
In deep sleep, both the external world of the waking state and the internal world of dreams completely disappear. The senses become inactive, the mind ceases its activities, and the intellect no longer functions in its ordinary manner. Despite the absence of thoughts and perceptions, the Self continues to exist.
Every morning people naturally say, "I slept peacefully" or "I slept well and knew nothing." This simple statement reveals an important philosophical truth. Someone must have existed during deep sleep in order to remember the absence of experiences afterward.
The Upanishad calls this experiencer Prajna. Unlike Vaishvanara and Taijasa, Prajna does not experience diversity. Instead, all distinctions temporarily remain in an unmanifest condition, just as countless branches remain hidden inside a seed.
Why Is Deep Sleep Described as Blissful?
During deep sleep, the mind is temporarily free from worries, desires, fears, ambitions, and mental agitation. Because these disturbances disappear, an indirect experience of peace is naturally felt. However, the bliss experienced here is not the final realization of Brahman because ignorance still remains.
The sleeper is peaceful, but does not consciously know the Self. Therefore, deep sleep is a state of rest—not liberation.
- No external perception.
- No dreams.
- No desires.
- No duality.
- Mind remains dormant.
- Ignorance still exists.
- Temporary experience of peace.
The Meaning of "Prajnanaghana"
The expression Prajnanaghana literally means a "solid mass of consciousness." This does not imply unconsciousness. Rather, it indicates that the diversity experienced during waking and dreaming has become undifferentiated. Individual thoughts no longer appear, although the underlying consciousness remains.
Vedantic teachers often compare this condition to the calm surface of a deep ocean. The waves have disappeared, yet the ocean itself continues to exist.
Vedantic Interpretation
Advaita Vedanta explains that deep sleep provides valuable evidence that consciousness is independent of mental activity. The mind becomes inactive, but existence itself never ceases. However, because ignorance remains unremoved, Prajna has not yet realized the true nature of Brahman.
This distinction is extremely important. Deep sleep resembles peace, whereas Turiya is absolute knowledge. One is unconscious peace; the other is conscious realization.
Difference Between Sushupti and Turiya
| Sushupti (Deep Sleep) | Turiya |
|---|---|
| Mind is dormant. | Mind is transcended. |
| Ignorance remains. | Ignorance is destroyed. |
| Temporary peace. | Eternal realization. |
| Experienced every night. | Attained through Self-realization. |
| Returns to waking state. | Freedom from all limitation. |
Spiritual Significance
- The Self exists even when thoughts disappear.
- Consciousness does not depend upon the mind.
- Deep sleep reveals temporary freedom from duality.
- Peace without knowledge is not liberation.
- Turiya alone reveals complete Self-realization.
Practical Lesson
Everyone enjoys the peace of deep sleep, yet very few ask why that peace exists. This mantra encourages us to discover the source of that peace while fully awake. Instead of waiting for sleep to experience temporary rest, Vedanta invites us to realize the ever-present awareness that remains peaceful under all circumstances. That realization becomes the foundation for the next and even deeper teaching of the Mandukya Upanishad.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 6
After introducing Prajna, the experiencer in deep sleep, the Mandukya Upanishad now reveals its cosmic significance. While the previous mantra described the individual experience of deep sleep, this mantra explains that Prajna is also the source from which the entire universe arises, is sustained, and into which it ultimately dissolves.
Sanskrit
एष सर्वेश्वरः ।
एष सर्वज्ञः ।
एषोऽन्तर्याम्येष योनिः सर्वस्य ।
प्रभवाप्ययौ हि भूतानाम् ॥
Transliteration
Eṣa sarveśvaraḥ।
Eṣa sarvajñaḥ।
Eṣo'ntaryāmyeṣa yoniḥ sarvasya।
Prabhavāpyayau hi bhūtānām॥
Word Meaning
- Eṣaḥ — This
- Sarveśvaraḥ — Lord of all
- Sarvajñaḥ — All-knowing
- Antaryāmī — Inner controller
- Yoniḥ — Source, origin
- Sarvasya — Of everything
- Prabhava — Creation
- Apyaya — Dissolution
- Bhūtānām — Of all beings
Meaning (English)
This (Prajna) is the Lord of all. This is the all-knowing One. This is the Inner Controller of all beings. This is the source of everything, from whom all beings arise and into whom they finally dissolve.
বাংলা অর্থ
এই প্রাজ্ঞই সকলের ঈশ্বর, সর্বজ্ঞ, সকল জীবের অন্তর্যামী এবং সমগ্র সৃষ্টির মূল উৎস। সমস্ত জীব তাঁর থেকেই উৎপন্ন হয় এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত তাঁর মধ্যেই লয়প্রাপ্ত হয়।
Detailed Explanation
This mantra shifts the discussion from the individual to the cosmic level. The Prajna experienced during deep sleep is not merely a personal condition but points toward the universal reality underlying all existence.
The Upanishad describes this reality with four profound attributes:
- Sarveshvara — The Supreme Lord governing the universe.
- Sarvajna — The One who knows everything because nothing exists outside It.
- Antaryami — The Inner Controller dwelling within every heart.
- Yoni — The eternal source from which creation emerges and into which it returns.
These descriptions do not refer to a distant deity residing somewhere in the heavens. Rather, they describe Brahman—the infinite consciousness that pervades every atom of the universe while remaining untouched by change.
Just as countless waves arise from the ocean and finally merge back into it, the entire universe appears from Brahman, exists because of Brahman, and ultimately returns to Brahman without ever becoming separate from It.
The Meaning of "Antaryami"
The word Antaryami means "the One who dwells within." Every living being possesses intelligence, awareness, and life because the same divine consciousness shines through all. The differences among individuals belong only to the body and mind; the indwelling Self remains one and indivisible.
This teaching removes the illusion of separateness and establishes the foundation of compassion, equality, and universal love.
Creation and Dissolution
The Upanishad states that Brahman is both the origin and the final resting place of all existence. Creation should not be understood merely as a historical event that occurred once in the distant past. At every moment, existence depends upon Brahman in the same way that every image on a screen depends upon the screen itself.
Without the screen, no image can appear. Likewise, without Brahman, no thought, object, or universe can exist.
- Brahman is the eternal Reality.
- The universe arises from Brahman.
- All beings live through Brahman's presence.
- Everything eventually dissolves back into Brahman.
- Brahman itself never changes.
Vedantic Interpretation
Advaita Vedanta explains that the Lord (Ishvara) described in this mantra is Brahman viewed through the power of Maya, functioning as the creator, sustainer, and dissolver of the universe. However, from the highest standpoint of absolute truth, Brahman remains forever beyond creation and destruction.
Thus, the Upanishad gradually prepares the seeker to understand that even the concept of a creator belongs to the empirical level. The ultimate realization revealed in the next mantra transcends every description, every attribute, and every form.
Philosophical Insight
This mantra teaches that the universe is not independent of its source. Every individual life, every galaxy, every law of nature, and every moment of existence is sustained by the same infinite consciousness. Recognizing this unity transforms spirituality from belief into direct understanding.
Spiritual Significance
- Brahman is the source of all existence.
- The same Self lives within every being.
- Creation, preservation, and dissolution occur in Brahman.
- The universe is an expression of one Consciousness.
- True wisdom sees unity behind apparent diversity.
Practical Lesson
When we understand that the same divine presence exists within every person, pride, hatred, and selfishness gradually lose their hold. Respect for all forms of life naturally arises because harming another ultimately means ignoring the same consciousness that shines within ourselves. This vision of unity prepares the seeker for the seventh mantra, where the Mandukya Upanishad reveals the indescribable reality of Turiya—the highest truth beyond all states of consciousness.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 7
The seventh mantra is the heart of the Mandukya Upanishad and one of the most profound declarations in all of Vedantic literature. After describing the three ordinary states of consciousness—waking (Vaishvanara), dream (Taijasa), and deep sleep (Prajna)—the Upanishad now reveals the Fourth, known as Turiya.
Turiya is not another state that comes and goes. It is the eternal Reality that remains unchanged while the other three states continuously arise and disappear. It is beyond the reach of the senses, beyond the mind, beyond language, and beyond every form of duality.
Sanskrit
नान्तःप्रज्ञं न बहिःप्रज्ञं
नोभयतःप्रज्ञं न प्रज्ञानघनम् ।
न प्रज्ञं नाप्रज्ञम् ।
अदृष्टमव्यवहार्यमग्राह्यमलक्षणमचिन्त्यमव्यपदेश्यम् ।
एकात्मप्रत्ययसारं प्रपञ्चोपशमं शान्तं शिवमद्वैतम् ।
चतुर्थं मन्यन्ते स आत्मा स विज्ञेयः ॥
Transliteration
Nāntaḥ-prajñam na bahiḥ-prajñam,
Nobhayataḥ-prajñam na prajñānaghanam।
Na prajñam nāprajñam।
Adṛṣṭam avyavahāryam agrāhyam alakṣaṇam acintyam avyapadeśyam।
Ekātma-pratyaya-sāraṁ prapañcopaśamaṁ śāntaṁ śivam advaitaṁ।
Caturthaṁ manyante sa ātmā sa vijñeyaḥ॥
Word Meaning
- Na Antah-prajnam — Not inward consciousness.
- Na Bahih-prajnam — Not outward consciousness.
- Na Ubhayatah-prajnam — Not both together.
- Na Prajnanaghanam — Not the undifferentiated consciousness of deep sleep.
- Adrishtam — Invisible.
- Avyavaharyam — Beyond worldly dealings.
- Agrahyam — Cannot be grasped.
- Achintyam — Beyond thought.
- Advaitam — Non-dual.
- Shantam — Peaceful.
- Shivam — Auspicious, Pure Bliss.
- Sa Atma — That is the Self.
- Sa Vijneyah — That is to be realized.
Meaning (English)
Turiya is neither the outward consciousness of the waking state, nor the inward consciousness of dreams, nor both together, nor the undifferentiated consciousness of deep sleep. It is beyond all sensory perception, beyond mental activity, beyond description and thought. It is the essence of the one Self, the cessation of all phenomena, eternal peace, supreme bliss, non-dual Reality. This is the Atman, and this is what must be realized.
বাংলা অর্থ
তুরীয় না জাগ্রত অবস্থার বাহ্যচেতনা, না স্বপ্নের অন্তঃচেতনা, না উভয়ের মিশ্র অবস্থা, না গভীর নিদ্রার অবিভক্ত চেতনা। এটি ইন্দ্রিয়, মন, চিন্তা ও ভাষার অতীত। এটি একমাত্র আত্মার স্বরূপ, সমস্ত প্রপঞ্চের অবসান, চিরশান্ত, কল্যাণময়, অদ্বৈত ব্রহ্ম। এই আত্মাকেই উপলব্ধি করতে হবে।
Detailed Explanation
The Upanishad begins by explaining Turiya through a method known as negation (Neti-Neti). Instead of describing what Turiya is, it first explains what Turiya is not. This is because every ordinary description belongs to the world of names, forms, and concepts, whereas Turiya transcends all of them.
Turiya is not the waking state because it is not limited to external perception. It is not the dream state because it is not confined to mental images. It is not deep sleep because it is not unconscious. Nor is it a combination of these three conditions.
Rather, Turiya is the eternal witness that remains unchanged while waking, dreaming, and deep sleep continuously alternate. Just as the screen remains untouched regardless of the movie projected upon it, Turiya remains ever-pure while all experiences arise and disappear within it.
Why Is Turiya Beyond Description?
Every word we use refers to an object, action, quality, or relationship. Turiya is none of these. Since it is the very subject—the eternal knower behind every experience—it can never become an object of thought or perception.
Therefore, the Upanishad employs expressions such as Adrishtam (unseen), Achintyam (beyond thought), and Avyapadeshyam (indescribable) to indicate that Turiya can only be realized through direct Self-knowledge.
- Beyond waking, dreaming, and deep sleep.
- Never changes.
- Not created and never destroyed.
- Beyond time, space, and causation.
- Pure consciousness.
- Infinite peace.
- Absolute non-duality.
- The true nature of Atman and Brahman.
The Meaning of "Prapanchopashamam"
The expression Prapanchopashamam means "the cessation of the phenomenal universe." It does not imply that the physical universe literally disappears. Rather, the illusion of separation disappears. The realized sage continues to perceive the world but no longer mistakes it for the ultimate reality.
Just as a rope is no longer mistaken for a snake once knowledge arises, the enlightened person recognizes Brahman as the only Reality behind the changing universe.
Advaita Interpretation
Adi Shankaracharya explains that Turiya is not a fourth state existing alongside the other three. It is the eternal Reality that supports all three states. Waking, dream, and deep sleep come and go, but Turiya is ever-present. Therefore, liberation is not the creation of a new experience—it is the recognition of what has always been true.
Philosophical Insight
This mantra destroys every limitation imposed by the mind. We normally define ourselves by our body, thoughts, memories, emotions, or social identity. The Mandukya Upanishad reveals that none of these constitute our true nature. Our real identity is the changeless awareness in which every experience appears.
| State | Nature | Experience |
|---|---|---|
| Jagrat | External awareness | Gross objects |
| Swapna | Internal awareness | Subtle objects |
| Sushupti | Undifferentiated awareness | No duality, but ignorance remains |
| Turiya | Pure Consciousness | Absolute Reality beyond all states |
Spiritual Significance
- Turiya is the true Self.
- It is identical with Brahman.
- It is beyond birth and death.
- It is free from all suffering.
- Realizing Turiya is liberation (Moksha).
- All duality ends in this realization.
Practical Lesson
Modern life constantly pulls the mind toward changing experiences—success and failure, pleasure and pain, praise and criticism. This mantra reminds us that beneath every changing circumstance lies an unchanging awareness that is always peaceful. Spiritual practice is not about escaping the world but about recognizing this eternal witness in the midst of everyday life. The realization of Turiya is the highest goal of the Mandukya Upanishad and the culmination of Advaita Vedanta.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 8
Having revealed Turiya as the ultimate Reality, the Mandukya Upanishad now returns to the sacred syllable Om (AUM). The remaining five mantras explain how the four aspects of Om correspond to the four aspects of the Self. This mantra serves as the bridge connecting the philosophy of consciousness with the practical method of meditation.
The Upanishad teaches that Om is not merely a sacred sound recited during worship. It is the direct symbol (Pratika) of Brahman and the most complete expression of the entire universe. By understanding the relationship between Om and the Self, a seeker transforms ordinary chanting into profound contemplation.
Sanskrit
सोऽयमात्माध्यक्षरमोङ्कारः ।
अधिमात्रं पादा मात्रा ।
मात्राश्च पादा अकार उकार मकार इति ॥
Transliteration
So'yam ātmādhyakṣaram oṅkāraḥ।
Adhimātraṁ pādā mātrāḥ।
Mātrāś ca pādā akāra ukāra makāra iti॥
Word Meaning
- Sah Ayam Atma — This very Self
- Adhyaksharam — As the sacred syllable
- Omkarah — Om (AUM)
- Pada — Quarter or aspect
- Matra — Sound-unit or syllable
- Akara — The letter A
- Ukara — The letter U
- Makara — The letter M
Meaning (English)
This very Self is represented by the sacred syllable Om. The four quarters of the Self correspond to the four parts of Om. The first three quarters are represented by the sounds A, U, and M.
বাংলা অর্থ
এই আত্মাই ওঁকাররূপে প্রকাশিত। আত্মার চারটি অবস্থার সঙ্গে ওঁ-এর চারটি অংশের সম্পর্ক রয়েছে। অ, উ এবং ম—এই তিনটি ধ্বনি আত্মার প্রথম তিনটি অবস্থার প্রতীক।
Detailed Explanation
This mantra marks an important shift in the teaching. Until now, the Upanishad has described the nature of consciousness itself. From this point onward, it explains how meditation on Om becomes a practical means of realizing that consciousness.
The Upanishad declares that the four quarters of the Self are symbolized by the four aspects of Om:
| Aspect of Om | State of Consciousness |
|---|---|
| A (Akara) | Jagrat (Waking) |
| U (Ukara) | Swapna (Dream) |
| M (Makara) | Sushupti (Deep Sleep) |
| Silence after Om | Turiya |
This symbolic relationship allows the seeker to contemplate the entire journey of consciousness through a single sacred syllable. Every time Om is chanted with understanding, it becomes a reminder of the eternal Self rather than merely a ritual sound.
Why Does the Upanishad Use Om?
Among all sounds, Om occupies a unique position because it naturally includes the beginning, middle, and end of vocal expression. The sound "A" begins from the throat, "U" moves through the mouth, and "M" concludes at the lips. Thus Om represents the totality of sound, just as Brahman represents the totality of existence.
The silence that follows Om is equally significant. It symbolizes the Reality that remains after every thought, word, and experience has subsided.
Vedantic Interpretation
Advaita Vedanta explains that Om is not Brahman itself but the most perfect symbol of Brahman. Just as a map helps a traveler reach a destination without being the destination itself, Om guides the mind toward the direct realization of the Self.
When meditation matures, the seeker eventually transcends even the symbol and abides in the silent awareness that Om indicates.
Philosophical Insight
The Upanishad now unites theory and practice. The earlier mantras revealed the nature of consciousness; these final mantras explain how that realization can be cultivated through contemplative meditation upon Om. Thus philosophy becomes direct spiritual discipline.
- Om represents the entire Self.
- The four states correspond to the four aspects of Om.
- Meditation on Om becomes meditation on Brahman.
- The symbol ultimately leads beyond itself to direct realization.
Spiritual Significance
- Om is the sacred symbol of Brahman.
- Every aspect of consciousness is reflected in Om.
- The journey from ignorance to realization is contained within a single syllable.
- Proper understanding transforms chanting into meditation.
- Silence after Om points toward the realization of Turiya.
Practical Lesson
Many people chant Om mechanically without reflecting upon its deeper meaning. This mantra teaches that each repetition of Om should become a conscious remembrance of our true nature. As attention moves from the sound to the silence that follows, the mind gradually becomes prepared to recognize the ever-present awareness that the Upanishad calls Turiya.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 9
After establishing that the four quarters of the Self correspond to the four aspects of Om, the Mandukya Upanishad now explains the significance of the first sound—"A" (Akāra). This sound represents the waking state (Jagrat) and its experiencer, Vaishvanara.
The Upanishad teaches that meditation on the sound "A" is not merely a phonetic exercise. It is a contemplative practice that helps the seeker understand the nature of the waking world and recognize its foundation in Brahman.
Sanskrit
जागरितस्थानो वैश्वानरोऽकारः प्रथमामात्रा ।
आप्तेरादिमत्त्वाद्वा ।
आप्नोति ह वै सर्वान्कामानादिश्च भवति ।
य एवं वेद ॥
Transliteration
Jāgarita-sthāno vaiśvānaro'kāraḥ prathamā mātrā।
Āpter ādimattvād vā।
Āpnoti ha vai sarvān kāmān ādiś ca bhavati।
Ya evaṁ veda॥
Word Meaning
- Jagarita-sthanah — Waking state
- Vaishvanarah — Universal waking consciousness
- Akarah — The sound "A"
- Prathama Matra — First syllable
- Apteh — Because it pervades or reaches all
- Adimatvat — Because it is the beginning
- Apnoti — Attains
- Sarvan Kaman — All worthy desires
- Adih — The foremost or leader
- Yah Evam Veda — One who knows this
Meaning (English)
The waking state, represented by Vaishvanara, corresponds to the sound "A," the first syllable of Om. It is called the first because it is the beginning and because it pervades all speech. One who understands this truth attains worthy aspirations and becomes capable of leading with wisdom.
বাংলা অর্থ
জাগ্রত অবস্থার বৈশ্বানর ওঁকারের প্রথম ধ্বনি ‘অ’-এর প্রতীক। ‘অ’ সমস্ত ধ্বনির সূচনা এবং সর্বব্যাপী হওয়ায় এটি প্রথম মাত্রা। যে ব্যক্তি এই তত্ত্ব উপলব্ধি করে, সে কল্যাণকর কামনা পূর্ণ করে এবং জীবনে শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব অর্জন করে।
Detailed Explanation
The Upanishad begins its explanation of Om by associating the sound "A" with the waking state. In Sanskrit phonetics, "A" is regarded as the first and most fundamental sound. Nearly every other vowel emerges from or is modified from this primary vibration.
Similarly, the waking state is the beginning of our ordinary experience. During this state, we perceive the physical world through the senses, interact with society, perform actions, and accumulate knowledge.
The Upanishad uses two reasons for connecting "A" with Vaishvanara:
- Ādimattva (Primacy) — "A" is the first sound in the Sanskrit alphabet, just as the waking state is the first level of ordinary human experience.
- Āpti (Pervasiveness) — "A" is present in or supports many spoken sounds, symbolizing the all-pervading nature of consciousness within the waking world.
Thus, the connection is both symbolic and philosophical. The sound itself becomes a reminder that all waking experiences are sustained by the same universal consciousness.
Meditation on "A"
When a seeker meditates upon the sound "A" while reflecting upon its meaning, the mind gradually becomes steady and expansive. Instead of identifying only with the physical body, one begins to recognize the universal consciousness shining through all beings.
The Upanishad therefore declares that such contemplation helps a person attain noble aspirations and become established in wisdom rather than mere worldly ambition.
Vedantic Interpretation
Advaita Vedanta explains that the waking state is not the ultimate reality but only one expression of consciousness. Meditation on "A" should eventually lead beyond identification with the body and reveal the witnessing Self that illumines every waking experience.
The sound is a doorway—not the destination. Through correct understanding, the seeker moves from external awareness toward Self-awareness.
Philosophical Insight
The waking world appears solid and permanent, yet it is constantly changing. Every perception depends upon consciousness. Without the witness, no object can ever be known. Therefore, even the ordinary activities of daily life become opportunities for spiritual inquiry when viewed through the wisdom of this mantra.
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| A (Akara) | Beginning of all sounds |
| Vaishvanara | Waking consciousness |
| Jagrat | External experience |
| Meditation | Recognizing consciousness behind worldly life |
Spiritual Significance
- "A" represents the beginning of all manifestation.
- The waking state is illuminated by consciousness.
- External experiences are temporary, but the witness remains eternal.
- Om meditation begins with understanding the waking state.
- Knowledge transforms ordinary life into spiritual practice.
Practical Lesson
Most people spend nearly their entire lives absorbed in the waking world, believing external achievements alone bring fulfillment. This mantra reminds us that every action, relationship, and experience gains its true meaning only when performed with awareness of the Self. By remembering the symbolism of "A," daily life itself becomes the first step toward Self-realization.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 10
After explaining the significance of the sound "A" (Akāra), the Mandukya Upanishad now describes the second sound of Om—"U" (Ukāra). This sound represents the dream state (Swapna) and its experiencer, Taijasa.
Just as dreams occupy an intermediate position between waking and deep sleep, the sound "U" stands between "A" and "M". Through this symbolism, the Upanishad teaches that every stage of consciousness ultimately leads toward the realization of the Self.
Sanskrit
स्वप्नस्थानस्तैजस उकारो द्वितीया मात्रा ।
उत्कर्षादुभयत्वाद्वोत्कर्षति ह वै ज्ञानसन्ततिम् ।
समानश्च भवति ।
नास्याब्रह्मवित्कुले भवति ।
य एवं वेद ॥
Transliteration
Svapna-sthānas taijasa ukāro dvitīyā mātrā।
Utkarṣād ubhayatvād votkarṣati ha vai jñāna-santatim।
Samānaś ca bhavati।
Nāsyābrahmavit kule bhavati।
Ya evaṁ veda॥
Word Meaning
- Svapna-sthanah — Dream state
- Taijasah — The dream experiencer
- Ukarah — The sound "U"
- Dvitīyā Mātrā — Second syllable
- Utkarsha — Excellence, elevation
- Ubhayatva — Intermediate position between two
- Jñāna-santatim — Continuity of knowledge
- Samānaḥ — Balanced, harmonious
- Abrahmavit — One who does not know Brahman
- Kule — Family or lineage
- Ya Evam Veda — One who understands this
Meaning (English)
The dream state, represented by Taijasa, corresponds to the sound "U," the second syllable of Om. It is associated with excellence because it occupies the middle position and elevates understanding. One who realizes this develops an unbroken flow of knowledge, becomes balanced in life, and wisdom flourishes within such a person's lineage.
বাংলা অর্থ
স্বপ্ন অবস্থার তৈজস ওঁকারের দ্বিতীয় ধ্বনি ‘উ’-এর প্রতীক। ‘উ’ মধ্যবর্তী অবস্থান ও উৎকর্ষের প্রতীক। যে ব্যক্তি এই তত্ত্ব উপলব্ধি করে, তার জ্ঞান ক্রমশ বৃদ্ধি পায়, সে সমদর্শী হয় এবং তার বংশে ব্রহ্মজ্ঞানের ধারাবাহিকতা প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়।
Detailed Explanation
The sound "U" naturally follows "A" and precedes "M." Likewise, the dream state stands between waking consciousness and deep sleep. This intermediate position symbolizes transition, refinement, and inner development.
Unlike the waking state, where consciousness is directed outward through the senses, the dream state turns inward. Here the mind creates its own world from memories, impressions, and latent tendencies. The Upanishad therefore associates "U" with inner illumination and intellectual refinement.
The word Utkarsha means elevation or excellence. Meditation on "U" gradually elevates the seeker's understanding from ordinary worldly perception toward spiritual insight.
- It stands between "A" and "M".
- It represents the intermediate state of consciousness.
- It symbolizes refinement of knowledge.
- It directs awareness inward.
- It prepares the mind for higher realization.
The Meaning of "Jnana Santatim"
The Upanishad promises that one who meditates upon the meaning of "U" develops Jnana Santati, the continuous flow of knowledge. This does not refer merely to intellectual learning. Rather, it indicates a steadily deepening awareness that gradually removes ignorance.
As contemplation matures, wisdom begins to influence every aspect of life—thoughts become clearer, actions become purer, and emotional balance naturally develops.
"Samanash Cha Bhavati"
The mantra also states that the seeker becomes Samana, meaning balanced or harmonious. Such a person is no longer easily disturbed by success or failure because the mind has become disciplined through contemplation.
Inner equilibrium is considered one of the greatest signs of spiritual maturity in Vedanta.
The Meaning of "Na Asya Abrahmavit Kule Bhavati"
This statement has often been misunderstood. It does not imply that every biological descendant automatically becomes enlightened. Rather, it indicates that the influence of true knowledge spreads through one's spiritual tradition, family, students, and community. Wherever genuine wisdom is cultivated, ignorance gradually diminishes.
Thus, the Upanishad praises the transformative power of Self-knowledge rather than making a hereditary claim.
Vedantic Interpretation
Advaita Vedanta interprets "U" as the refinement of consciousness. The seeker moves beyond complete identification with the external world and begins to investigate the inner workings of the mind. This inward journey prepares one for realizing that even thoughts and dreams are illuminated by the same witnessing consciousness.
Philosophical Insight
The dream state reminds us that reality is shaped by the mind. Thoughts, memories, fears, and desires constantly influence our perception. By observing these mental activities without attachment, the seeker gradually discovers the silent awareness that remains untouched by them.
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| U (Ukara) | Middle sound of Om |
| Taijasa | Dream consciousness |
| Swapna | Inner awareness |
| Meditation | Refinement of knowledge and inner balance |
Spiritual Significance
- "U" symbolizes the refinement of consciousness.
- The dream state directs awareness inward.
- Knowledge grows through contemplation.
- Balance is a sign of spiritual maturity.
- Self-knowledge influences both the individual and society.
Practical Lesson
This mantra reminds us that spiritual growth begins when we turn our attention inward. Instead of reacting automatically to every thought and emotion, we learn to observe the mind with clarity. As this inner awareness deepens, knowledge becomes steady, life becomes balanced, and the seeker naturally progresses toward the realization of the highest truth represented by the final sounds of Om.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 11
After explaining the symbolic meaning of the sounds "A" and "U", the Mandukya Upanishad now describes the third sound of Om—"M" (Makāra). This sound represents the deep sleep state (Sushupti) and its experiencer, Prajna.
The Upanishad teaches that just as all spoken sounds ultimately conclude in "M," every experience eventually returns to its source. The sound "M" therefore symbolizes completion, dissolution, and the absorption of all diversity into one undivided reality.
Sanskrit
सुषुप्तस्थानः प्राज्ञो मकारस्तृतीया मात्रा ।
मितेरपीतेर्वा ।
मिनोति ह वा इदं सर्वमपीतिश्च भवति ।
य एवं वेद ॥
Transliteration
Suṣupta-sthānaḥ prājño makāras tṛtīyā mātrā।
Miter apīter vā।
Minoti ha vā idaṁ sarvam apītiś ca bhavati।
Ya evaṁ veda॥
Word Meaning
- Sushupta-sthanah — Deep sleep state
- Prajnah — The experiencer of deep sleep
- Makarah — The sound "M"
- Tritiya Matra — Third syllable
- Miteh — Measure, completion
- Apiteh — Absorption, dissolution
- Minoti — Measures, comprehends
- Idam Sarvam — All this universe
- Apitih — Becomes the place of dissolution
- Ya Evam Veda — One who understands this
Meaning (English)
The deep sleep state, represented by Prajna, corresponds to the sound "M," the third syllable of Om. It signifies completion and absorption because all sounds conclude in it. One who realizes this comprehends the whole universe and understands its final absorption into the Supreme Reality.
বাংলা অর্থ
সুষুপ্তি অবস্থার প্রাজ্ঞ ওঁকারের তৃতীয় ধ্বনি ‘ম’-এর প্রতীক। ‘ম’ সমাপ্তি ও লয়ের প্রতীক, কারণ সমস্ত ধ্বনি শেষ পর্যন্ত এতে মিলিত হয়। যে ব্যক্তি এই তত্ত্ব উপলব্ধি করে, সে সমগ্র সৃষ্টির ঐক্য ও তার পরম সত্যে লয় হওয়ার রহস্য উপলব্ধি করে।
Detailed Explanation
The sound "M" naturally completes the pronunciation of Om. After "M," the lips close and all audible vibration comes to an end. In the same manner, the deep sleep state represents the temporary resolution of all mental activity.
During deep sleep there are no external perceptions, no dreams, no desires, and no awareness of individual identity. Yet consciousness itself is never destroyed. All distinctions remain in an unmanifest condition, waiting to reappear when waking begins again.
For this reason, the Upanishad associates "M" with completion (Miti) and absorption (Apiti). Every experience, every thought, and every perception eventually subsides into silence, just as every sound finally concludes in "M."
- It completes the syllable Om.
- It symbolizes dissolution of all experiences.
- It represents deep sleep.
- It points toward the source into which everything returns.
- It prepares the seeker for the realization of Turiya.
The Meaning of "Minoti"
The word Minoti means "to measure," "to comprehend," or "to understand completely." The Upanishad indicates that one who understands the symbolism of "M" gains insight into the complete cycle of manifestation and dissolution.
This understanding is not merely intellectual. It is the recognition that every changing experience arises from the same unchanging consciousness and finally resolves back into it.
The Meaning of "Apiti"
Apiti signifies absorption or merging. Just as rivers ultimately merge into the ocean without losing the essence of water, all names and forms finally return to Brahman. This does not mean that Brahman changes; rather, all apparent diversity is understood to depend entirely upon the one Reality.
Vedantic Interpretation
Advaita Vedanta explains that the deep sleep state provides an illustration of temporary absorption but not liberation. Ignorance still remains in Sushupti. Meditation on "M" therefore prepares the mind for the next and highest realization—the silence beyond Om, which symbolizes Turiya.
The seeker gradually understands that even the state of deep sleep is an appearance witnessed by the eternal Self.
Philosophical Insight
The sound "M" reminds us that every experience has an ending. Thoughts arise and disappear. Emotions arise and disappear. Bodies arise and disappear. Entire civilizations arise and disappear. Yet the consciousness in which these changes occur remains untouched.
Recognizing this truth weakens attachment to temporary experiences and directs attention toward the eternal witness.
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| M (Makara) | Completion of Om |
| Prajna | Deep sleep consciousness |
| Sushupti | State of undifferentiated experience |
| Meditation | Understanding dissolution into the Self |
Spiritual Significance
- "M" symbolizes completion and absorption.
- Every experience eventually returns to its source.
- Deep sleep hints at unity but is not final liberation.
- Consciousness remains unchanged through all states.
- The seeker is prepared for realizing the silence beyond Om.
Practical Lesson
This mantra reminds us that nothing in the world remains permanent. Every achievement, possession, emotion, and experience eventually comes to an end. Instead of fearing change, Vedanta encourages us to seek the unchanging awareness that remains present before every beginning and after every ending. That eternal awareness is fully revealed in the final mantra of the Mandukya Upanishad.
Mandukya Upanishad – Mantra 12
The twelfth and final mantra brings the teachings of the Mandukya Upanishad to their highest conclusion. After explaining the three audible sounds of Om (A-U-M), the Upanishad now reveals the significance of the silence that follows Om. This silence represents Turiya—the Absolute Reality beyond all states of consciousness.
Unlike the sounds A, U, and M, which symbolize the waking, dream, and deep sleep states, the silence after Om cannot be spoken or heard as an ordinary sound. It symbolizes the eternal Self that remains when every experience, every thought, and every distinction comes to rest.
Sanskrit
अमात्रश्चतुर्थोऽव्यवहार्यः
प्रपञ्चोपशमः शिवोऽद्वैतः ।
एवमोङ्कार आत्मैव ।
संविशत्यात्मनात्मानं य एवं वेद ॥
Transliteration
Amātraś caturtho'vyavahāryaḥ।
Prapañcopashamaḥ śivo'dvaitaḥ।
Evam oṅkāra ātmaiva।
Saṁviśaty ātmanātmānaṁ ya evaṁ veda॥
Word Meaning
- Amatrah — Without measure or sound
- Caturthah — The Fourth (Turiya)
- Avyavaharyah — Beyond all worldly dealings
- Prapanchopashamah — Cessation of all phenomena
- Shivah — Auspicious, Supreme Peace
- Advaitah — Non-dual Reality
- Omkarah — Om
- Atma Eva — Is truly the Self
- Samvishati — Enters or realizes
- Atmana Atmanam — The Self through the Self
- Ya Evam Veda — One who knows thus
Meaning (English)
The Fourth is without sound or measure. It is beyond all worldly dealings, the cessation of all phenomena, absolute peace, supreme auspiciousness, and non-dual Reality. Thus Om is truly the Self. Whoever realizes this enters the Self through the Self.
বাংলা অর্থ
চতুর্থ বা তুরীয় অবস্থা মাত্রাহীন, অর্থাৎ ধ্বনির অতীত। এটি সমস্ত প্রপঞ্চের অবসান, চিরশান্ত, কল্যাণময় এবং অদ্বৈত ব্রহ্ম। এইভাবেই ওঁকারই আত্মা। যে ব্যক্তি এই সত্য উপলব্ধি করে, সে আত্মার দ্বারাই আত্মাকে উপলব্ধি করে।
Detailed Explanation
The Upanishad concludes by declaring that the highest Reality is represented not by any audible sound but by the complete silence following Om. This silence should not be mistaken for mere absence of sound. Instead, it symbolizes the limitless awareness that remains unchanged before, during, and after every experience.
The sounds A, U, and M arise, continue for a brief moment, and disappear. Silence alone remains constant throughout. Likewise, waking, dreaming, and deep sleep continually arise and disappear, while Turiya—the eternal Self—remains forever unchanged.
This is why the Upanishad calls Turiya Amatra, meaning "without measure." It cannot be divided, limited, or described by any sound, thought, or concept.
The Meaning of "Prapanchopashama"
The expression Prapanchopashama means the complete cessation of all phenomenal distinctions. It does not imply the destruction of the physical universe. Rather, it means that the illusion of separateness comes to an end.
After Self-realization, the world continues to appear, but the realized sage knows that every name and form is only an appearance of the one indivisible Brahman.
- Beyond sound.
- Beyond thought.
- Beyond time and space.
- Free from birth and death.
- Absolute peace.
- Infinite consciousness.
- Non-dual Reality.
- The true nature of Atman and Brahman.
The Meaning of "Samvishaty Atmana Atmanam"
This profound statement declares that the Self is realized only through the Self. No external object, ritual, or sensory experience can reveal Brahman. The mind becomes purified through spiritual discipline, but the final realization occurs when consciousness recognizes its own eternal nature.
Self-realization is therefore not the attainment of something new. It is the removal of ignorance, allowing one's true nature to shine unobstructed.
Vedantic Interpretation
Adi Shankaracharya explains that meditation on Om ultimately leads beyond the sound itself. The symbol serves as a support for concentration, but the highest realization lies in abiding as the silent, ever-present awareness indicated by Om.
Thus the Mandukya Upanishad ends exactly where it began—with the identity of Om, Atman, and Brahman.
Philosophical Insight
| Aspect of Om | State | Realization |
|---|---|---|
| A | Jagrat | External experience |
| U | Swapna | Inner experience |
| M | Sushupti | Undifferentiated rest |
| Silence | Turiya | Absolute Self-realization |
Spiritual Significance
- Silence after Om represents Turiya.
- Turiya is beyond every experience.
- Om ultimately points beyond itself.
- Self-realization removes ignorance.
- Atman and Brahman are eternally one.
- This realization is Moksha (Liberation).
Practical Lesson
The Mandukya Upanishad teaches that true peace is not found in changing circumstances but in recognizing the silent awareness that is always present behind every thought, emotion, and experience. Every time Om is chanted with understanding, it reminds us of this eternal truth. When the mind rests in that silent awareness, fear disappears, attachment fades, and the seeker realizes the timeless unity of Atman and Brahman. This is the supreme teaching and final message of the Mandukya Upanishad.
Conclusion – The Timeless Wisdom of the Mandukya Upanishad
The Mandukya Upanishad is the shortest of the principal Upanishads, yet it presents one of the most profound teachings in all of Hindu philosophy. Through only twelve mantras, it reveals the complete nature of Atman (the Self), Brahman (the Absolute Reality), and the sacred syllable Om (AUM).
The Upanishad systematically guides the seeker through the three ordinary states of human experience—waking (Jagrat), dream (Swapna), and deep sleep (Sushupti)—before revealing Turiya, the eternal consciousness that remains unchanged beyond all experiences.
Its central message is simple yet transformative: our true identity is not the body, mind, emotions, or changing experiences of life. Our real nature is the infinite, peaceful, and non-dual consciousness that illumines every state of existence.
- Om is the symbol of the entire universe and Brahman.
- Atman and Brahman are one.
- The Self has four aspects—Jagrat, Swapna, Sushupti, and Turiya.
- Turiya is the ultimate Reality beyond all duality.
- Meditation on Om becomes a direct path to Self-realization.
- Ignorance alone creates the illusion of separation.
- Liberation (Moksha) is attained through Self-knowledge.
The Relevance of the Mandukya Upanishad Today
Although composed thousands of years ago, the Mandukya Upanishad remains deeply relevant in the modern world. Human beings continue to search for lasting peace, freedom from anxiety, and a deeper understanding of existence. The Upanishad reminds us that true fulfillment cannot be found merely through external achievements or possessions. Lasting peace arises only by recognizing the eternal awareness that is already present within us.
Its teachings have inspired generations of philosophers, monks, yogis, and spiritual seekers, and continue to influence the study of Advaita Vedanta throughout the world.
Final Reflection
The journey described by the Mandukya Upanishad begins with the sound of Om and ends in perfect silence. That silence is not emptiness—it is the infinite presence of pure consciousness. When the seeker realizes that this same consciousness is one's own true Self, every fear disappears, every limitation dissolves, and the eternal unity of Atman and Brahman shines forth.
For this reason, the Mandukya Upanishad is often regarded as the very essence of the Upanishads and one of the highest expressions of Sanatana Dharma.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. How many mantras are there in the Mandukya Upanishad?
The Mandukya Upanishad contains only 12 mantras, making it the shortest among the principal Upanishads.
2. What is the main teaching of the Mandukya Upanishad?
Its central teaching is that Atman (the Self) is identical with Brahman (the Supreme Reality), and this truth is explained through the four states of consciousness and the symbolism of Om.
3. What are the four states of consciousness?
The four states are:
- Jagrat (Waking)
- Swapna (Dream)
- Sushupti (Deep Sleep)
- Turiya (Pure Consciousness)
4. What does Om symbolize in the Mandukya Upanishad?
Om symbolizes the entire universe, the four states of consciousness, and the ultimate reality known as Brahman.
5. What is Turiya?
Turiya is the Fourth, the eternal witnessing consciousness beyond waking, dreaming, and deep sleep. It is the true Self and the highest realization in Advaita Vedanta.
6. Who wrote the Mandukya Upanishad?
Like most Upanishads, the Mandukya Upanishad has no single known author. It is considered Shruti, meaning revealed Vedic wisdom received by ancient sages (Rishis).
7. Which Veda contains the Mandukya Upanishad?
The Mandukya Upanishad belongs to the Atharva Veda.
8. Why is the Mandukya Upanishad considered so important?
Because it summarizes the essence of Vedanta in only twelve mantras and forms the philosophical foundation of Gaudapada's Mandukya Karika and Adi Shankaracharya's Advaita Vedanta.
9. Can beginners study the Mandukya Upanishad?
Yes. Although its philosophy is profound, studying it with proper explanations makes it accessible to sincere beginners as well as advanced spiritual seekers.
10. What is the ultimate goal of the Mandukya Upanishad?
The ultimate goal is Self-realization (Atma Jnana), through which one realizes the non-dual identity of Atman and Brahman and attains Moksha (Liberation).
References & Sources
The explanations, translations, and philosophical interpretations presented in this article are based on the traditional teachings of the Mandukya Upanishad and the Advaita Vedanta tradition. The following classical scriptures and commentaries have been consulted while preparing this guide.
- Mandukya Upanishad (Atharva Veda)
- Mandukya Karika by Acharya Gaudapada
- Adi Shankaracharya's Commentary (Bhashya) on the Mandukya Upanishad
- The Principal Upanishads – Translated by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
- Eight Upanishads – Swami Gambhirananda (Advaita Ashrama)
- The Upanishads – Swami Nikhilananda (Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center)
- Muktika Upanishad (Traditional list of 108 Upanishads)
- Brahma Sutra with Adi Shankaracharya's Commentary
- Bhagavad Gita (Chapters 2, 6, 13 & 15 for Advaita concepts)
- Advaita Vedanta traditional teachings preserved through the Guru-Shishya Parampara.
Disclaimer
This article is intended for educational, cultural, and spiritual study purposes. Sanskrit verses are presented according to traditional Vedic sources, while the English explanations are written in a simplified style to help modern readers understand the philosophy of the Mandukya Upanishad. Different Vedantic traditions may offer slightly different interpretations of certain mantras. Readers interested in deeper study are encouraged to consult the original Sanskrit text along with the classical commentaries of Acharya Gaudapada and Adi Shankaracharya.
॥ ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥
Om Shanti Shanti Shantih
May the timeless wisdom of the Mandukya Upanishad inspire inner peace, self-realization, and spiritual awakening in every heart. May the light of Brahman guide humanity toward truth, compassion, and liberation.
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